In power system and circuit analysis, we often encounter the concepts of "power out" and "power absorption".  They describe the role of circuit elements in the process of power conversion and are the key to understanding and analyzing circuit behavior. This article will first give a brief answer to judging power out and power absorption, and then elaborate on the relevant principles and judgment methods. I. Brief answer In a circuit, if a component (such as a power supply or generator) provides power to other parts, we say it is "emitting power". On the contrary, if a component (such as a load or resistor) consumes power from the circuit, we say it is "absorbing power". In short, power out is the provider of power, while power absorption is the consumer of power. II. Detailed analysis Basic concept of power Power is a physical quantity that describes the work done per unit time, usually in watts (W). In a circuit, power represents the rate of power conversion, which can be the conversion of power into other forms of energy (such as heat energy, light energy, etc.), or the conversion of power between different voltage or current levels. Power out Power out is usually associated with power supply or power generation equipment. For example, batteries, generators, or AC power supplies are typical power providers. When these devices are working, they convert other forms of energy (such as chemical energy, mechanical energy, etc.) into electrical energy and provide it to the load through the circuit. In this process, the power supply or power generation device is emitting power. The calculation of emitted power usually involves the measurement of current and voltage. In a DC circuit, the emitted power is equal to the product of current and voltage (P = IV), where I is the current and V is the voltage. In an AC circuit, because the voltage and current may change over time, more complex formulas are required to calculate the average or effective power. Absorbed power Absorbed power is associated with the load element in the circuit. The load can be any device that consumes electrical energy, such as a resistor, a motor, a light bulb, etc. When current passes through these loads, the electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy (such as heat energy, mechanical energy, light energy, etc.), and the load absorbs power in this process. Similar to the emitted power, the calculation of absorbed power also involves the measurement of current and voltage. In a DC circuit, the absorbed power is also equal to the product of current and voltage (P = IV), but the voltage and current should be measured at both ends of the load. In AC circuits, the calculation of absorbed power also needs to consider the time-varying characteristics of voltage and current. Judgment method The most direct way to determine whether a circuit element is emitting power or absorbing power is to measure the voltage across it and the current flowing through it, and then calcu...

PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR GOVERNORS ON ENGINE GENERATOR SETS 1. SCOPE   This standard covers mechanical, hydraulic and electric governors used for controlling speed and/or loading of engine-driven generator systems. The system may involve a single unit or multiple units operating in parallel. It may serve as a prime or emergency standby power source. Operation may or may not be in conjunction with an external power bus.   2. REFERENCE STANDARDS.0 REFERENCE STANDARDS MIL.-STD.-705 B Frequency and voltage regulation, stability and transient response tests. IEEE 100—1988 Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic terms. EGSA-101E—1984 Glossary of Standard Industry Terminology and Definitions, Electrical. EGSA-101M—1984 Glossary of Standard Industry Terminology and Definitions, Mechanical. EGSA-100M—1992 Performance Standard for Multiple Engine Generator Set Control Systems.   3. DEFINITIONS.0 DEFINITIONS   3.1 Speed Governing System.   A speed governing system consists of a speed governor and fuel metering device which controls the fuel supply to the engine. The speed governing system senses speed and perhaps load, and meters the engine fuel supply such that speed tends to remain constant or to vary with load in a predetermined manner.   3.1.1 Speed Governor. The speed governor includes those elements which are directly responsive to speed and/or load and which position or influence the action of a fuel metering device to maintain the operating speed. When operating in parallel with an independent power source such as the utility company, the governor will act to regulate load. 3.1.2 Fuel Metering Device. A fuel metering device is an element directly or indirectly positioned by the speed governor; e.g., variable displacement pumps, fuel metering pumps, carburetors and other devices that meter fuel into the combustion system. 3.1.2 Fuel Metering Device. A fuel metering device is an element directly or indirectly positioned by the speed governor; e.g., variable displacement pumps, fuel metering pumps, carburetors and other devices that meter fuel into the combustion system.  

There are many classification methods for generator sets, which can be classified into high, medium, and low-speed units based on the rated speed of the engine; According to the rated power output of the unit, it can be divided into large, medium, and small units; According to the output voltage frequency of the generator set, it can be divided into AC generator set (intermediate frequency 400Hz, power frequency 50Hz) and DC generator set. When the voltage frequency is 50Hz, the calibration voltage of small and medium-sized generators is generally 400V (three-phase) or 230V (single-phase), and the calibration voltage of large generators is generally 6.3-10.5k/V. However, the more commonly used classification method is based on the type of fuel used in the internal combustion generator set, control mode, purpose, and appearance structure. (1) Classified by fuel type ① The rated output power of gasoline generator sets is generally relatively small, usually between 0.5 and 12kw; Most of its engines use single cylinder, air-cooled gasoline engines; The output voltage is mostly single-phase 220V, with a frequency of 50Hz; In a few special places, multi cylinder, water-cooled engines with intermediate frequency (400Hz) and two-phase (380V) outputs are also used; Gasoline generator sets have a series of advantages such as small size, light weight, relatively low noise, low price, and easy mobility. They are mainly used in general situations where the load power is small and temporary emergency power supply is required (such as independent storefronts facing the street, emergency lighting for temporary power outages on small construction sites, and night lighting for lack of electricity users). When the user's load power is greater than 6kw, it is recommended to prioritize the selection of corresponding models of diesel generator sets to increase the reliability of the power supply system. ② The production cost of diesel generator sets is higher than that of gasoline generator sets of the same power level, but their working stability is better than that of gasoline generator sets, so the application field of diesel generator sets is much wider than that of gasoline generator sets. The output power of diesel generator sets varies from 1kw to thousands of kilowatts, and the output voltage is mostly single-phase 220V/50Hz or three-phase 380v/50Hz. There are also a few high-power, high-voltage, grid connected diesel generator sets. Diesel generator sets are widely used in various fields such as industry, agriculture, and national defense, and have been widely recognized by users. (2) Classified by control method ① Manual units are the most common type of units, which have automatic voltage and speed adjustment functions. Operators can start, close, open, and stop the units on site in the machine room. This type of unit is usually used as a main or backup power source. ② The self starting unit is an automatic control system added to the manual unit. When the ...